Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES): Psychometric parameters in Brazil
Escala Utrecht de Engajamento Laboral (UWES): Parâmetros Psicométricos no Brasil
Gabriel Lins de Holanda Coelho , Renan P. Monteiro , Layrtthon Carlos de Oliveira Santos , Luis Augusto de Carvalho Mendes , Valdiney Veloso Gouveia , Patrícia Nunes da Fonsêca
Suma Psicológica, (2023), 30(2), pp. 11-20.
Received 30 January 2023
Accepted 8 September 2023
Introdução: O estudo do engajamento laboral é fundamental para uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos subjacentes que levam as pessoas a terem maior motivação no trabalho. O constructo ganhou destaque nas últimas décadas, e a Escala Utrecht de Engajamento Laboral (UWES) emergiu como a ferramenta mais utilizada para avaliar o constructo. Embora seja amplamente conhecida e utilizada, são necessárias mais evidências psicométricas, especialmente considerando seus parâmetros de item. Método: A presente pesquisa (N = 525) teve como objetivo fornecer evidências psicométricas para a UWES e suas versões abreviadas no Brasil, utilizando uma série de análises estatísticas robustas (por exemplo, Análise fatorial confirmatória, Teoria de Resposta ao Item). Resultados: Os resultados revelam bom ajuste de modelo e alta consistência interna para ambas as estruturas UWES unidimensional e tridimensional. Os itens da UWES também mostraram ótimos níveis de discriminação, dificuldade e informação. Finalmente, correlações significativas entre a UWES e o trabalho compulsivo e a satisfação no trabalho forneceram evidências de validade convergente para a UWES no Brasil. Conclusão: Os achados deste estudo ampliam nossa compreensão do envolvimento no trabalho e destacam a utilidade da UWES como uma ferramenta eficaz para medir o envolvimento no trabalho no Brasil, abrindo caminho para intervenções e políticas eficazes em ambientes de trabalho diversos.
Palavras-chave:
Engajamento no trabalho, psicometria, validação, a medida
Introduction: The study of work engagement is key for better understanding the underlying mechanisms that lead people to feel more motivated at work. The construct has gained prominence over recent decades, and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) has emerged as the most popular tool to assess the construct. Though widely known and used, more psychometric evidence is needed for the UWES, especially its item parameters. Method: This study (N = 525) aimed to provide psychometric evidence for the UWES and its shortened versions in Brazil, using a range of robust statistical analyses (e.g., Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Item Response Theory). Results: Results reveal good model fit and high internal consistency for both unidimensional and three-dimensional UWES structures. UWES items also showed high discrimination, difficulty, and information levels. Finally, significant correlations between UWES and workaholism and job satisfaction provided evidence of the convergent validity of the UWES in Brazil. Conclusion: This study’s findings broaden the understanding of work engagement and underscore the utility of the UWES as an efficacious tool for measuring work engagement in Brazil, paving the way for effective interventions and policies in diverse workplace environments.
Keywords:
Work engagement, psychometrics, validation, measure
Agarwal, G., Mosquera, M., Ring, M., & Victorson, D. (2020). Work engagement in medical students: An exploratory analysis of the relationship between engagement, burnout, perceived stress, lifestyle factors, and medical student attitudes. Medical Teacher, 42(3), 299-305. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2019.1679746
Antunes, R., & Druck, G. (2015). A terceirização sem limites: A precarização do trabalho como regra. O Social em Questão, 18(33), 19-40.
Baker, F. B. (2001). The Basics of Item Response Theory. For full text: http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED458219
Basso, C. (2020). O impacto do suporte organizacional e do suporte à aprendizagem no engajamento no trabalho e nos danos físicos e psicossociais relacionados ao trabalho: O caso de uma Instituição Federal de Ensino Superior [Master’s thesis] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/212223
Cappelleri, J. C., Jason Lundy, J., & Hays, R. D. (2014). Overview of classical test theory and item response theory for the quantitative assessment of items in developing patient-reported outcomes measures. Clinical Therapeutics, 36(5), 648-662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.04.006
Carlotto, M. S., & Miralles, M. D. L. (2010). Translation, adaptation and exploration of psychometric properties of “Dutch Work Addiction Scale” (DUWAS). Contextos Clínicos, 3(2), 141-150.
Chalmers, P., Pritikin, J., Robitzsch, A., Zoltak, M., Kim, K., Falk, C. F., Meade, A., Schneider, L., King, D., Liu, C.-W., & Oguzhan, O. (2022). mirt: Multidimensional Item Response Theory (1.37.1) [Computer software]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=mirt
CNN Brasil. (2020). Mulheres ganharam quase 30% menos que os homens em 2019, revela PNAD. CNN Brasil. https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/economia/mulheres-ganharam-quase-30-menos-que-os-homens-em-2019-revela-pnad/
Coelho, G. L. H., Hanel, P. H. P., & Wolf, L. J. (2020). The very efficient assessment of need for cognition: Developing a six-item version. Assessment, 27(8), 1870-1885. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191118793208
Dalanhol, N. dos S., Freitas, C. P. P. de, Machado, W. de L., Hutz, C. S., & Vazquez, A. C. (2017). Engajamento no trabalho, saúde mental e personalidade em oficiais de justiça. Psico, 48(2), 109-119.
da Silva, G. E., Lopes, F. J. O., Freitas, S. M. P. de, & Shiozaki, M. P. (2020). (De)forma trabalhista: flexibilização e precarização pela(s) perspectiva(s) da(s) psicologia(s) do trabalho. Psicologia Em Estudo, 25. https://doi.org/10.4025/psicolestud.v25i0.48213
Druck, G. (2016). A terceirização na saúde pública: Formas diversas de precarização do trabalho. Trabalho, Educação e Saúde, 14, 15-43. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-7746-sol00023
Ferreira, M. C., Valentini, F., Damásio, B. F., Mourão, L., Porto, J. B., Chinelato, R. S. de C., Novaes, V. P., & Pereira, M. M. (2016). Evidências adicionais de validade da UWES-9 em amostras brasileiras [Additional validity evidences of UWES-9 in Brazilian samples]. Estudos de Psicologia (Natal), 21(4), 435-445.
Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics. SAGE.
Fong, T. C. T., & Ho, R. T. H. (2015). Dimensionality of the 9-item Utrecht Work Engagement Scale revisited: A Bayesian structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Occupational Health, 57(4), 353-358. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.15-0057-OA
Ghasemi, A., & Zahediasl, S. (2012). Normality tests for statistical analysis: A guide for non-statisticians. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 10(2), 486-489. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem.3505
Hair, J. F. Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2022). Multivariate data analysis (8th edition). Cengage Learning.
Hammedi, W., Leclercq, T., Poncin, I., & Alkire (Née Nasr), L. (2021). Uncovering the dark side of gamification at work: Impacts on engagement and well-being. Journal of Business Research, 122, 256-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.08.032
Hanel, P. H. P., Maio, G. R., Soares, A. K. S., Vione, K. C., Coelho, G. L. de H., Gouveia, V. V., Patil, A. C., Kamble, S. V., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2018). Cross-cultural differences and similarities in human value instantiation. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00849
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2-3), 61-83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X
Hu, Q., Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T., Hessen, D., Hakanen, J. J., Salanova, M., & Shimazu, A. (2014). East is east and west is west and never the twain shall meet: Work engagement and workaholism across Eastern and Western cultures. Journal of Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1(1), 6-24.
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692-724. https://www.jstor.org/stable/256287
Kline, P. (2013). Handbook of Psychological Testing. Routledge.
Kotera, Y., Mayer, C.-H., & Vanderheiden, E. (2021). Cross-cultural comparison of mental health between German and South African employees: Shame, self-compassion, work engagement, and work motivation. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.627851
Li, C.-H. (2016). Confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data: Comparing robust maximum likelihood and diagonally weighted least squares. Behavior Research Methods, 48(3), 936-949. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0619-7
Martins, P. C. P., & Machado, P. G. B. (2022). Validation Process of a Work Engagement Scale for the Brazilian Population. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 38, e38511. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e38511.en
Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (1997). The truth about burnout. Jossey-Bass.
Mazzetti, G., Schaufeli, W. B., & Guglielmi, D. (2018). Are workaholism and work engagement in the eye of the beholder? A multirater perspective on different forms of working hard. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 34(1), 30-40. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000318
Miranda, F. M. D., Santana, L. de L., Pizzolato, A. C., & Sarquis, L. M. M. (2020). Condições de trabalho e o impacto na saúde dos profissionais de enfermagem frente a COVID-19. Cogitare Enfermagem, 25. https://doi.org/10.5380/ce.v25i0.72702
Monteiro, R. P., Coelho, G. L. de H., Hanel, P. H. P., de Medeiros, E. D., & da Silva, P. D. G. (2021). The Efficient Assessment of Self-Esteem: Proposing the Brief Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 17, 931-947 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-021-09936-4
Oakman, J., Kinsman, N., Stuckey, R., Graham, M., & Weale, V. (2020). A rapid review of mental and physical health effects of working at home: How do we optimise health? BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1825. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09875-z
Odagami, K., Nagata, T., Mafune, K., Ando, H., Tateishi, S., Kuwamura, M., Matsugaki, R., Fujino, Y., Mori, K., & on behalf of the CORoNaWork Project. (2022). Association between perceived organizational support for infection prevention and work engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic among Japanese workers: A prospective cohort study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 16142. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316142
OECD Better Life Index. (n.d.). Work-life balance. https://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/work-life-balance/
Oliveira, L. B. de, & Rocha, J. da C. (2017). Engajamento no trabalho: Antecedentes individuais e situacionais e sua relação com a intenção de rotatividade. Revista Brasileira de Gestão de Negócios, 19(65), 415-431.
Orgambídez, A., & Almeida, H. (2020). Supervisor support and affective organizational commitment: The mediator role of work engagement. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 42(3), 187-193. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945919852426
Pasquali, L. (1999). Testes referentes a construto: Teoria do modelo de construção. In L. Pasquali (Ed.), Instrumentos psicológicos: Manual prático de elaboração, (pp. 37-71). LabPAM.
Pasquali, L., & Primi, R. (2003). Fundamentos da teoria da resposta ao item: TRI. Avaliação Psicológica, 2(2), 99-110.
Perkins, G. H., & Yuan, H. (2001). A comparison of web-based and paper-and-pencil library satisfaction survey results. College & Research Libraries, 62(4), 369-377. https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.62.4.369
R Development Core Team. (2022). R: A language and environment for statistical computing (4.2.2) [Computer software]. https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/fullrefman.pdf
Rai, A., & Maheshwari, S. (2020). Exploring the mediating role of work engagement between the linkages of job characteristics with organizational engagement and job satisfaction. Management Research Review, 44(1), 133-157. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-10-2019-0442
Rauthmann, J. F. (2013). Investigating the MACH-IV with Item Response Theory and Proposing the Trimmed MACH*. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(4), 388-397. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.742905
Rosseel, Y., Jorgensen, T. D., Rockwood, N., Oberski, D., Byrnes, J., Vanbrabant, L., Savalei, V., Merkle, E., Hallquist, M., Rhemtulla, M., Katsikatsou, M., Barendse, M., Scharf, F., & Du, H. (2023). Lavaan: Latent Variable Analysis (0.6-13) [Computer software]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lavaan
Rusu, P. P., & Colomeischi, A. A. (2020). Positivity ratio and well-being among teachers. The mediating role of work engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01608
Samejima, F. (1968). Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded scores1. ETS Research Bulletin Series, 1968(1), i-169. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2333-8504.1968.tb00153.x
Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). The measurement of work engagement. In R. R. Sinclair, M. Wang, & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), Research methods in occupational health psychology: Measurement, design and data analysis (pp. 138-153). Routledge.
Schaufeli, W. B. (2018). Work engagement in Europe: Relations with national economy, governance and culture. Organizational Dynamics, 47(2), 99-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2018.01.003
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Utrecht Work Engagement Scale: Preliminary Manual [Version 1.1., December 2004]. https://www.wilmarschaufeli.nl/publications/Schaufeli/Test%20Manuals/Test_manual_UWES_English.pdf
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2010). Defining and measuring work engagement: Bringing clarity to the concept. In W. B. Schaufeli, A. B. Bakker, & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (pp. 10-24). Psychology Press.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The Measurement of Work Engagement with a Short Questionnaire: A Cross-National Study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701-716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282471
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and Burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71-92.
Schaufeli, W. B., Shimazu, A., Hakanen, J., Salanova, M., & De Witte, H. (2019). An ultra-short measure for work engagement: The UWES-3 validation across five countries. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 35(4), 577-591. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000430
Schaufeli, W. B., Shimazu, A., & Taris, T. W. (2009). Being driven to work excessively hard: The evaluation of a two-factor measure of workaholism in the Netherlands and Japan. Cross-Cultural Research: The Journal of Comparative Social Science, 43(4), 320-348. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397109337239
Shimazu, A., Miyanaka, D., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2010). Work engagement from a cultural perspective. In S.L. Albrecht (Ed.), Handbook of employee engagement: Perspectives, issues, research and practice (pp. 364-372). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849806374.00040
Simbula, S., Guglielmi, D., Schaufeli, W., & Depolo, M. (2013). The Italian Validation of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale: Characterization of engaged groups in a sample of schoolteachers. Bollettino Di Psicologia Applicata, 268, 43-54.
Sinval, J., Pasian, S., Queirós, C., & Marôco, J. (2018). Brazil-Portugal Transcultural Adaptation of the UWES-9: Internal Consistency, Dimensionality, and Measurement Invariance. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00353
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using Multivariate Statistics (7th edition). Pearson.
Tóth-Király, I., Morin, A. J. S., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2021). A Longitudinal Perspective on the Associations Between Work Engagement and Workaholism. Work & Stress, 35(1), 27-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2020.1801888
Transparency International. (2022). 2022 Corruption Perceptions Index—Explore Brazil’s results. Transparency.org. https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2022
Vazquez, A. C. S., Magnan, E. dos S., Pacico, J. C., Hutz, C. S., Schaufeli, W. B., Vazquez, A. C. S., Magnan, E. dos S., Pacico, J. C., Hutz, C. S., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2015). Adaptation and Validation of the Brazilian Version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. Psico-USF, 20(2), 207-217. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712015200202
Zanatta, P. (2023, May 05). Salário mínimo do Brasil ocupa 51° lugar em ranking de maior poder de compra, diz OIT. CNN Brasil. https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/economia/salario-minimo-do-brasil-ocupa-51-lugar-em-ranking-de-maior-poder-de-compra/
Zanelli, J. C., Bastos, A. V. B., & Rodrigues, N. (2014). Campo profissional do psicólogo em organizações e no trabalho. In J. E. Zanelli, J. E. Borges-Andrade, & A. V. B. Bastos (Eds.), Psicologia, organizações e trabalho no Brasil (2a ed., pp. 549–582). Artmed.
