Affectivity and job satisfaction in Latin American workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cluster analysis
Afectividad y satisfacción laboral en trabajadores latinoamericanos durante la pandemia COVID-19: Análisis de conglomerados
Fabio Alexis Rincón Uribe , Cristian Ariel Neira Espejo , Rejane Célia de Souza Godinho , Janari da Silva Pedroso
Suma Psicológica, (2024), 31(1), pp. 1-9.
Received 14 July 2023
Accept 13 February 2024
Resumen Introducción: Durante la pandemia de la COVID-19, las personas experimentaron repentinos cambios en sus vidas, especialmente en su dinámica laboral. En este contexto, el balance de las experiencias afectivas positivas y negativas pueden influir en la satisfacción laboral de los trabajadores. Objetivos: explorar los niveles de satisfacción laboral, en relación con los afectos positivos y afectos negativos, en un grupo de trabajadores latinoamericanos durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Método: La muestra consistió en 594 trabajadores latinoamericanos (M = 38, entre 18 y 60 años; DE = 10.47), de ambos sexos, quienes respondieron de forma online un cuestionario sociodemográfico y dos medidas psicológicas de afectos y satisfacción laboral. Como método, fue usado el análisis jerárquico de grupos de Ward y el K-medias. Resultados: Se identificaron cuatro grupos de trabajadores: Grupo 1, niveles altos de afectos positivos y afectos negativos con alta satisfacción laboral; Grupo 2, niveles bajos de afectos positivos y afectos negativos con baja satisfacción laboral; Grupo 3, altos niveles de afectos positivos y bajos niveles de afectos negativos con alta satisfacción laboral; Grupo 4, bajos niveles de afectos positivos y altos niveles de afectos negativos con baja satisfacción laboral. Conclusión: Los grupos que experimentaron altos niveles de afectos positivos presentaron una alta satisfacción laboral, mientras que los grupos con altos o bajos niveles de afectos negativos y bajos afectos positivos manifestaron una baja satisfacción laboral.
Palabras clave:
Satisfacción laboral, afectos positivos, afectos negativos, pandemia, COVID-19
Abstract Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, people have experienced sudden changes in their lives, especially in their work dynamics. In this context, the balance of positive and negative affective experiences can influence workers’ job satisfaction. Objectives: Explore the levels of job satisfaction, related to positive and negative affect, in a group of Latin American workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: The sample included 594 Latin American workers (M = 38, aged between 18 and 60; SD = 10.47), of both sexes, who answered a sociodemographic questionnaire online and two psychological measures of affect and job satisfaction. Ward’s hierarchical cluster analysis and K-means were used as methods. Results: Four worker groups were identified: Group 1, high levels of positive and negative affect with high job satisfaction; Group 2, low levels of positive and negative affect with low job satisfaction; Group 3, high levels of positive affect and low levels of negative affect with high job satisfaction; Group 4, low levels of positive affect and high levels of negative affect with low job satisfaction. Conclusions: Groups with high levels of positive affect experienced high job satisfaction, while groups with high or low levels of negative affect and low levels of positive affect experienced low job satisfaction.
Keywords:
Job satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, pandemic, COVID-19
Ali Jadoo, S. A., Torun, P., Dastan, I., & Al-Samarrai, M. (2018). Impact of conflict related and workplace related violence on job satisfaction among physicians from Iraq – a descriptive cross-sectional multicentre study. Journal of Ideas in Health, 1(1), 14-22. https://doi.org/10.47108/jidhealth.Vol1.Iss1.4
Barrett, L., & Bliss, E. (2009). Affect as a psychological primitive. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 167-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)00404-8
Bouckenooghe, D., Raja, U., & Butt, A. N. (2013). Combined effects of positive and negative affectivity and job satisfaction on job performance and turnover intentions. The Journal of Psychology, 147(2), 105-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2012.678411
Buonomo, I., Fiorilli, C., & Benevene, P. (2020). Unravelling teacher job satisfaction: The contribution of collective efficacy and emotions towards professional role. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030736
Buruck, G., Dörfel, D., Kugler, J., & Brom, S. S. (2016). Enhancing well-being at work: The role of emotion regulation skills as personal resources. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 21(4), 480-493. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000023
Chuang, Y., Chiang H., & Lin, A. (2019). Helping behaviors convert negative affect into job satisfaction and creative performance: The moderating role of work competence. Personnel Review, 48(6), 1530-1547. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-01-2018-0038
Clore, G.L., Schiller, A., & Shaked, A. (2018). Affect and cognition: Three principles. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 19, 78-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.11.010
Dalal, R. (2013). Job attitudes: Cognition and affect. In B. W. Weiner (Ed.), Handbook of Psychology (2nd ed., pp 341-365). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dewi, M. K., Sudjadi, A., & Adawiyah, W. R. (2014). The emotional intelligence’s effect on job satisfaction of bank salespeople. Journal of Economics, Business, and Accountancy Ventura, 17(2), 211-220. https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=1936225
Diakos, G. E., Koupidis, S., & Dounias, G. (2023). Measurement of job satisfaction among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Medicine International, 3(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.3892/mi.2022.62
Dunn, H., Quinn. L., Corbridge, S., Eldeirawi, K., Kapella, M., & Collins, E. (2018). Cluster analysis in nursing research: An introduction, historical perspective, and future directions. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 40(11), 1658-1676. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945917707705
Fakunmoju, S. B. (2020). Validity of Single-item Versus Multiple-item Job Satisfaction Measures in Predicting Life: Satisfaction and Turnover Intention. Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation, 16(3), 210-228. https://doi.org/10.1177/2319510X21997724
Fiori, M., Bollmann, G., & Rossier, J. (2015). Exploring the path through which career adaptability increases job satisfaction and lowers job stress: The role of affect. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 91, 113-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.08.010
Forjan, D., Tuckey, M., & Li, Y. (2020). Problem solving and affect as mechanisms linking daily mindfulness to task performance and job satisfaction. Stress & Health, 36(3), 338-349. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2931
Fredrickson B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. The American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.56.3.218
Fredrickson, B. L., & Joiner, T. (2018). Reflections on Positive Emotions and Upward Spirals. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 13(2), 194-199. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617692106
Gori, A., Topino, E., & Di Fabio, A. (2020). The protective role of life satisfaction, coping strategies and defense mechanisms on perceived stress due to COVID-19 emergency: A chained mediation model. Plos One, 15(11), e0242402. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242402
Hansson, M., Dencker, A., Lundgren, I., Carlsson, I. M., Eriksson, M., & Hensing, G. (2022). Job satisfaction in midwives and its association with organizational and psychosocial factors at work: A nation-wide, cross-sectional study. BMC Health Services Research, 22(436), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-07852-3
Hoyt, L., Craske, M., Mineka, S., & Adam, E. (2015). Positive and Negative Affect and Arousal: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations with Adolescent Cortisol Diurnal Rhythms. Psychosomatic Medicine, 77(4), 392-401. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000178
Isbell, L.M., Lair, E.C., & Rovenpor, D.R. (2016). The impact of affect on out-group judgments depends on dominant information-processing styles: Evidence from incidental and integral affect paradigms. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(4), 485-497. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216634061
Jasiński, A. M., & Derbis, R. (2023). Social support at work and job satisfaction among midwives: The mediating role of positive affect and work engagement. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 79(1), 149-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15462
Judge, T. A., Weiss, H. M., Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., & Hulin, C. L. (2017). Job attitudes, job satisfaction, and job affect: A century of continuity and of change. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 356-374. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000181
Kafetsios, K., & Zampetakis, L. (2008). Emotional intelligence and job satisfaction: Testing the mediatory role of positive and negative affect at work. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(3), 712-722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.004
Koo, B., Yu, J., Chua, B. L., Lee, S., & Han, H. (2020). Relationships among Emotional and Material Rewards, Job Satisfaction, Burnout, Affective Commitment, Job Performance, and Turnover Intention in the Hotel Industry. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 21(4), 371-401. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2019.1663572
Lan, J., Mao, Y., Peng, K., & Wang, Y. (2022). The combined effects of positive and negative affect on job satisfaction and counterproductive work behavior. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 39, 1051-1069. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-021-09753-1
Lepold, A., Tanzer, N., Bregenzer, A., & Jiménez, P. (2018). The Efficient Measurement of Job Satisfaction: Facet-Items versus Facet Scales. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(7), 1362. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071362
Lima, C., Carvalho, P., Lima, I., Nunes, J., Saraiva, J., de Souza, R., da Silva, C., & Neto, M. (2020). The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). Psychiatry Research, 287, 112915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915
Lin, L., Liu, X., & He, G. (2020). Mindfulness and job satisfaction among hospital nurses: The mediating roles of positive affect and resilience. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 58(6), 46-55. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20200406-03
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The Benefits of Frequent Positive Affect: Does Happiness Lead to Success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803–855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803
Madrid, H., Barros, E., & Vasquez, C. (2020). The emotion regulation roots of job satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.609933
McDowell, C., Herring, M., Lansing, J., Brower, C., & Meyer, J. (2020). Working From Home and Job Loss Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic Are Associated with Greater Time in Sedentary Behaviors. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.597619
Menardo, E., Di Marco, D., Ramos, S., Brondino, M., Arenas, A., Costa, P., Vaz de Carvalho, C., & Pasini, M. (2022). Nature and Mindfulness to Cope with Work-Related Stress: A Narrative Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(10), 5948. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105948
Montuori, P., Sorrentino, M., Sarnacchiaro, P., Di Duca, F., Nardo, A., Ferrante, B., D’Angelo, D., Di Sarno, S., Pennino, F., Masucci, A., Triassi, M., & Nardone, A. (2022). Job Satisfaction: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Analysis in a Well-Educated Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), 14214. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114214
Nikolaev, B., Shir, N., & Wiklund, J. (2020). Dispositional Positive and Negative Affect and Self-Employment Transitions: The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 44(3), 451-474. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718818357
Ondé Pérez, D., & Alvarado Izquierdo, J. M. (2019). Análisis de clases latentes como técnica de identificación de tipologías. Revista INFAD De Psicología. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, 5(1), 251-260. https://doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2019.n1.v5.1641
Poetz, L., & Volmer, J. (2022). A diary study on the moderating role of leader-member exchange on the relationship between job characteristics, job satisfaction, and emotional exhaustion. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 812103. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.812103
Posner, J., Russell, J. A., & Peterson, B. S. (2005). The circumplex model of affect: An integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 17(3), 715-734. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579405050340
Ruiz-Pérez, J. I., Melo-González, V., Velandia-Amaya, S. N., Rodríguez-Mesa, L. E., & Velázquez Monroy, C. A. (2020). PANAS Internacional Revisado: propiedades psicométricas en una muestra internacional latina. Universitas Psychologica, 19, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy19.pirp
Sang, L., Xia, D., Ni, G., Cui, Q., Wang, J., & Wang, W. (2019). Influence mechanism of job satisfaction and positive affect on knowledge sharing among project members: Moderator role of organizational commitment. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 27(1), 245-269. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-10-2018-0463
Schlett, C., & Ziegler, R. (2014). Job emotions and job cognitions as determinants of job satisfaction: The moderating role of individual differences in need for affect. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(1), 74-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.11.005
Thielmann, B., Schnell, J., Böckelmann, I., & Schumann, H. (2022). Analysis of Work-Related Factors, Behavior, Well-Being Outcome, and Job Satisfaction of Workers of Emergency Medical Service: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116660
United Nations. (2020). Policy Brief: The world of work and COVID-19. https://unsdg.un.org/resources/policy-brief-world-work-and-covid-19
Vyas, L., & Butakheio, N. (2021). The impact of working from home during COVID-19 on work and life domains: An exploratory study on Hong Kong. Policy Design and Practice, 4(1), 59-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/25741292.2020.1863560
Wang, M., Zhao, Q., Hu, C., Wang, Y., Cao, J., Huang, S., Li, J., Huang, Y., Liang, Q., Guo, Z., Wang, L., Ma, L., Zhang, S., Wang, H., Zhu, C., Luo, W., Guo, C., Chen, C., Chen, Y., Xu, K., … Yang, Y. (2021). Prevalence of psychological disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic in China: A real world cross-sectional study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 281, 312–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.118
Watson, D., Clark, L.A, & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
Yoon, D. J., Bono, J. E., Yang, T., Lee, K., Glomb, T. M., & Duffy, M. (2021). The balance between positive and negative affect in employee well-being. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 43(4), 763-782. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2580
Zhang, Z., Murtagh, F., Poucke, S., Lin, S., & Lan, P. (2017). Hierarchical cluster analysis in clinical research with heterogeneous study population: Highlighting its visualization with R. Annals of Translational Medicine, 5(4), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2017.02.05